Editorial Policy

The Cahiers ESPI2R is a publication series bringing together works published by the ESPI Research Unit (ESPI2R), which is part of the École supérieure des professions immobilières (ESPI). The Cahiers ESPI2R has an electronic ISSN: 3099-8352. All publications are assigned a Digital Object Identifier (DOI).

These publications are freely accessible and distributed under the Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license: Attribution – NonCommercial – NoDerivatives.

Authors may deposit their work in open-access repositories such as HAL without any embargo period, provided that they include the full reference to the original publication, together with a link to the version available on the Cahiers ESPI2R website.

The Cahiers ESPI2R publications are intended for researchers interested in issues related to the development and management of real estate assets, as well as anyone currently working or planning to work in the real estate, urban planning, and/or land-use planning sectors.

In keeping with the laboratory’s four-department structure—Law, Urban Planning, Economics, and Management—a multidisciplinary approach is encouraged.

The Cahiers ESPI2R publish several types of content:

• proceedings of the laboratory’s research workshops, scientific studies and reports, and student research theses that have received special recognition, published as individual issues;

• Zoom recherche, Repère biblio, Imagimmo, and the Veille juridique immobilière, published as open-ended thematic sections;

• Working Papers, also published as an open-ended section.

Zoom recherche aim to showcase the work of ESPI researchers and to introduce readers to research methods and approaches. Each contribution generally provides a summary structured around six key points: study background, methodology, main findings, contributions, challenges and avenues for further research, and useful links/references.

Repère biblio are thematic bibliographies that do not claim to be exhaustive. The selected references, organized by topic, cover fundamental research subjects that help readers understand key issues in the real estate sector. In-depth reviews of selected articles and books, considered essential to the literature on the topic, provide further insights and encourage discussion.

Imagimmo feature educational research posters. This engaging format uses visual explanations to present concepts explored by ESPI faculty members and researchers, highlighting their practical applications.

La Veille juridique immobilière is published every two months at the initiative of the Law Department of the ESPI2R laboratory. It reviews and provides commentary on major legal developments, organized by key subject areas.

Zoom recherche, Repère biblio, Imagimmo, the Veille juridique immobilière, and Working Papers are publications authored by ESPI researchers.

Worksop Proceedings

Manuscript Submission

Final, unpublished manuscripts must be submitted no later than 30 days after the event. They must be sent to the researchers organizing the conference, as well as to Lolita Gillet, Scientific Editor at the ESPI2R Research Unit (l.gillet@groupe-espi.fr).

Manuscripts may be submitted in either French or English.

Authors are free to use inclusive language or not. If they choose to do so, they are asked to follow the relevant guidelines (see below).

Ethics and Copyright

Use of Artificial Intelligence

Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) and AI-assisted technologies may only be used during the writing process to improve the readability and language of a manuscript, provided that any text submitted to ESPI has been substantially revised, edited, and approved by the author. All other uses are prohibited, including image generation.

Since November 2025, any use of GenAI declared by the author is disclosed at the end of their contribution:

	Yes	No	Details
Writing and argumentation		X	Use prohibited for The Cahiers ESPI2R
Information retrieval and synthesis of the state of the art
Rephrasing
Spelling and/or grammar checking
Abstract and/or keyword generation
Image and video generation		X	Use prohibited for The Cahiers ESPI2R
Coding and programming

Plagiarism

Copyright infringement is unlawful: “Any full or partial representation or reproduction made without the consent of the author or their successors in title is unlawful. The same applies to translation, adaptation, transformation, arrangement, or reproduction by any art or process whatsoever” (article L. 122-4 of the French Intellectual Property Code).

The right of quotation allows an excerpt from a published text to be reproduced, provided that it is properly cited, without the express permission of the author. Quotations must be brief and justified (article L. 122-5, 3(a), of the French Intellectual Property Code).

Any excerpt from a text must be clearly identified as a quotation, enclosed in quotation marks, set in roman type, and accompanied by the corresponding bibliographic citation in APA style, namely: (author’s last name, year of publication, p. X). The full reference must also appear in the final bibliography.

Copyright requirements also apply to visual materials. Please note that architectural works are protected by copyright. Accordingly, permission must be obtained from the architect and, where applicable, the landscape architect before publishing a photograph depicting the work, even if you took the photograph yourself.

Paraphrasing without acknowledging the original text and/or its author is also prohibited.

Ideas, studies, theories, models, and other material borrowed from other authors must likewise be properly credited, in accordance with copyright law and the fundamental principles of academic integrity. This requirement also applies to secondary sources, although their use should be limited: the aim is not to multiply “as cited in” references.

Every statistic or numerical figure presented must be accompanied by a precise reference to its source.

ESPI uses plagiarism-detection software.

Self-Plagiarism

Self-plagiarism consists of reusing one’s own previously published text without acknowledging the original source. We allow authors to reproduce short excerpts from their own published work, provided that the quotation is brief. A submitted manuscript must not consist solely of a collection of selected excerpts taken from previously published works.

For visual materials taken from published documents, written permission from the original publisher is required for reuse, even if you are the original creator of the material.

Formatting, Structure, and Layout

File Format

Manuscripts must be submitted in Word format or another word-processing format.

Do not use stylesheets. Number all pages.

Visual materials must be saved in JPG or PNG format and must be of sufficient quality (at least 150 DPI). They must be submitted separately from the manuscript in which they are to appear, as email attachments accompanying the submission.

General Formatting Guidelines

The heading hierarchy must be clear. We recommend using the following levels: I. A. 1. a).

Footnotes are permitted but must not be used to provide bibliographic references. They must be numbered consecutively and placed at the bottom of the relevant pages. Please keep both their number and length to a minimum. Footnote numbers must appear as superscripts in the body of the text, before the punctuation mark.

Research Articles

Each research article must include the following elements, in the order listed:

• A title and, if applicable, a subtitle;

• The author’s first and last name, professional title or position, and institutional affiliation;

• An abstract (maximum 250 words);

• Keywords (maximum 6);

• An outline;

• The main text, consisting of an introduction, body, and conclusion (between 10,000 and 30,000 characters, including spaces);

• References (APA style).

Research Notes

Each research note must include the following elements, in the order listed:

• A title;

• The author’s first and last name, professional title or position, and institutional affiliation;

• Keywords (maximum 6);

• An outline;

• The main text (approximately 8,000 characters, including spaces), preferably organized as follows: background, materials and methods, results, main contributions and challenges, and conclusion;

• References (APA style).

Visual Materials

As indicated above, visual materials must be saved in JPG or PNG format and submitted separately from the manuscript in which they are to appear. Please ensure that all visual materials are of sufficient quality: they must have a resolution of at least 150 DPI.

Photographs, graphs, diagrams, maps, and drawings are referred to as "Figures" and must be numbered using Arabic numerals. Tables are referred to as "Tables" and must also be numbered using Arabic numerals.

Visual files must be named as follows: LASTNAME_FIGUREX, where LASTNAME is the last name of the first author of the contribution and X is the figure number.

Every figure must be explicitly referenced in the main text.

The reproduction of images (figures, photographs, tables, graphs, diagrams, maps, drawings, etc.) is subject to copyright law and must be properly credited. Accordingly, if you are not the creator of the material, written permission to reproduce it as part of the conference proceedings must be obtained. This permission must specify the credit line to be included. Every reproduced image must include this credit, even if you are its original creator. Do not forget to include the date (e.g., the date the photograph was taken). Some publications are distributed under a Creative Commons (CC) license; in such cases, you must check which specific license the author has selected.

Extended Collective Licensing: Toward Simplifying the Use of Images in Open-Access Scholarly Publications
In a press release dated December 3, 2025, the French Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Space announced the introduction of an extended collective license pursuant to Article 28 of the Research Programming Act. We are awaiting the publication of a practical guidance document by the French National Institute of Art History (INHA) to clarify the procedures for implementing this measure.

Any adaptation of published tables or diagrams must be explicitly acknowledged using the following format: (adapted from Author’s Last Name, year of publication, p. X).

Image rights must also be respected. Accordingly, when visual materials depict identifiable individuals, their written consent must also be obtained.

Basic Typographical Guidelines

General Rules

• Punctuation must follow standard English typographical conventions. As a reminder, there is no space before a period, semicolon (;), colon (:), exclamation mark (!), or question mark (?). There is also no space after an opening English quotation mark (“) or before a closing English quotation mark (”).

• Italics must be used to emphasize a word or idea, where necessary. Bold type, underlining, and capitalization must not be used for this purpose.

• Foreign words and expressions must be italicized, as must reported speech. Italics must also be used for the titles of books, newspapers, periodicals, films, and videos.

• Abbreviations and acronyms must always be spelled out at first mention. Their capitalization must follow the conventions of the organization or entity to which they refer. Generally, initialisms pronounced letter by letter (e.g., ABF) are written entirely in capital letters, whereas acronyms pronounced as words (e.g., Insee) use only an initial capital letter.

• As a reminder, the abbreviation "etc." must always be preceded by a comma and must never be followed by an ellipsis.

• Em dashes (—) must not be used for parenthetical insertions.

• Titles and subheadings must not end with a period.

Numbers

Centuries must be written using Roman numerals, with the appropriate superscript ordinal indicator where applicable.

In dates, months must be spelled out.

Large numbers are written with a comma separating every three digits. Example: 200,000,000 people.

Numbers from zero to nine must be spelled out, except when they are part of a measurement or a series of figures. Numbers greater than nine must be written using Arabic numerals. Approximate durations must be spelled out.

In percentages, the percent sign (%) is not preceded by a space.

Quotations

Quotations of fewer than 40 words must be incorporated into the main text and enclosed in quotation marks. They must be set in regular type (not italics).

The source of the quotation must be indicated in parentheses (author’s last name, year of publication, p. X) or incorporated into the sentence itself (the page number should be included whenever possible).

It is true that fear of the wolf "is indeed associated with periods of crisis (climatic, agricultural, and social), rather than with periods of economic prosperity or population growth" (Pastoureau, 2018, p. 64).

Pastoureau (2018) explains that fear of the wolf "is indeed associated with periods of crisis (climatic, agricultural, and social), rather than with periods of economic prosperity or population growth" (p. 64).

Any quotation marks appearing within a quotation must be converted to simple English quotation marks, with no spaces between the quotation marks and the enclosed text.

Pastoureau (2018) explains: "For a long time, historians classified the Roman de Renart as ‘popular literature’ and emphasized its borrowings from folklore and oral traditions" (p. 64).

Quotations of more than 40 words must be presented in a separate paragraph, indented from the main text. They must not be enclosed in quotation marks and must be set in regular type. The author’s last name, year of publication, and page number must appear in parentheses at the end of the paragraph.

It is no coincidence that the story of the Beast of Gévaudan belongs to eighteenth-century France rather than to the heart of the Middle Ages. During the feudal period, in the French countryside, people were primarily afraid of the Devil, dragons, the Mesnie Hellequin (a spectral host), and the returning dead, but they had little fear of wolves. Unfortunately, this period of calm would not last; less than two centuries later, this fear would return with considerable force.
(Pastoureau, 2018, p. 64)

Quotations must be reproduced exactly as they appear in the original text, including any spelling, grammatical, or syntactical errors. However, authors may use the word "[sic]", set in italics, to indicate to readers that an error has been noticed.

Ellipses enclosed in square brackets ([…]) must be used to indicate omitted portions of a quotation.

Pastoureau (2018) explains that fear of the wolf "is indeed associated with periods of crisis […], rather than with periods of economic prosperity or population growth" (p. 64).

Any additions made within a quotation must be enclosed in square brackets.

This period of calm, unfortunately, would not last; less than two centuries later, this fear [of the wolf] would return with considerable force.

If authors wish to emphasize certain terms within a quotation, they may use italics. The relevant passage must then be followed by the notation "[emphasis added]."

It is no coincidence that the story of the Beast of Gévaudan belongs to eighteenth-century France rather than to the heart of the Middle Ages [emphasis added]. During the feudal period, in the French countryside, people were primarily afraid of the Devil, dragons, the Mesnie Hellequin (a spectral host), and the returning dead, but they had little fear of wolves.

Quotations originally written in a foreign language must be translated into English in the main text. The original quotation must be reproduced in a footnote, in italics and enclosed in quotation marks, accompanied by the statement "author’s translation" (or an equivalent indication).

Inclusive Language

Authors may use gender-inclusive language.

To make certain constructions easier to read, consider using gender-neutral language, including collective and gender-neutral terms (e.g., "the research team") and universal singular terms (e.g., "staff," "individual"). The use of paired forms (e.g., "women and men") may also be helpful.

Use of the First-Person Singular

Although academic writing conventions generally recommend using the first-person plural ("we"), the decision to use the first-person singular ("I") is left to the author’s discretion and remains their sole responsibility. We recognize that the use of "I" may express a form of intellectual commitment and epistemological positioning. In such cases, authors should ensure that its use is consistent throughout their contribution.

References and Bibliographic Style

References must be listed in alphabetical order. Please ensure that every reference in the final bibliography is cited in the main text, and conversely, that every citation in the main text corresponds to an entry in the final bibliography.

References must follow the American Psychological Association (APA) Publication Manual, 7th edition. The Faculty of Nursing at Université Laval provides a summary of these guidelines.

In-text citations must follow the format below:

• One author: (Author’s Last Name, year of publication, p. X).

• Two authors: (Author’s Last Name & Author’s Last Name, year of publication, p. X).

• More than two authors: (First Author’s Last Name et al., year of publication, p. X).

Examples of Reference Formatting According to the Latest APA Guidelines

Book	Last Name, Initial(s). (Year). Title of the book (edition, volume). Publisher. Ex.: DiPasquale, D., & Wheaton, W. C. (1996). Urban economics and real estate markets. Prentice Hall.
Book Chapter	Last Name, Initial(s). (Year). Title of the chapter. In Initial(s). Last Name (Ed./Eds.), Title of the book (pp. X–X). Publisher. Ex.: Parkinson, M. (1990). Leadership and regeneration in Liverpool: Confusion, confrontation, or coalition? In D. R. Judd & M. Parkinson (eds.), Leadership and urban regeneration: cities in North America and Europe (p. 241‑257). Sage Publications.
Journal Article	Last Name, Initial(s). (Year). Title of the article. Journal Title, volume(issue), page range. DOI. Ex.: Anas, A. (1997). Rent control with matching economies: a model of European housing market regulation. The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 15(1), 111-137. DOI: 10.1023/A:1007705623147
Newspaper or Magazine Article	Last Name, Initial(s). (Year, Month). Title of the article. Newspaper or Magazine Title, page range. Ex.: Roche, F. (2021, février). Une histoire de la ville. La Tribune, 28-34.
Webpage	Last Name, Initial(s). (Year, Month Day). Title of the webpage. Website Name. Retrieved Month Day, Year. Ex.: Polrot, S. (2017, 24 mai). Qu’est-ce qu’une cryptomonnaie, un token, un actif numérique ? Ethereum-france. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
Report	Last Name, Initial(s), or Institution. (Year). Title of the report. Publisher/Institution. Ex.: Andres, L., Moawad, P., Appendino, F., Sakai, A., & Zepf, M. (2025). Adaptable Cities, Pandemic Mitigation and Crisis Preparedness. Final Report. University College London.
Thesis or Dissertation	Last Name, Initial(s). (Year). Title of the thesis or dissertation [Doctoral dissertation/Master’s thesis, Institution]. Database. Ex.: Blanchard, V. (2016). « Mauvaises filles ». Portraits de la déviance féminine juvéniale (1945-1958). [Doctoral dissertation, université de Poitiers]. Theses.hal.science

If multiple works by the same author published in the same year are cited, they must be distinguished by a lowercase letter in italics (author, yeara), assigned according to the order in which they are first cited in the text.

If multiple works by the same author published in different years are cited, they must be listed in chronological order, from earliest to most recent.